My Revision Notes : OCR AS Biology A Second Edition.

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Cover; Book title; Contents; Module 1 Development of practical skills in biology; 1 Practical skills; What are practical skills?; Practical skills assessed in a written examination; Module 2 Foundations in biology; 2 Cell structure; Microscopes and images; Cells; 3 Biological molecules; Water; Monomers and polymers; The chemical elements that make up biological molecules; The key inorganic ions involved in biological processes; Testing for the presence of biological molecules; 4 Nucleotides and nucleic acids; The structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids; The replication of DNA.

The nature of the genetic codeThe synthesis of polypeptides; 5 Enzymes; The role of enzymes; The mechanism of enzyme action; Effects of conditions on enzymes; Practical investigations; Enzyme-controlled reactions; 6 Biological membranes; Roles of membranes in cells; Membrane structure and permeability; The movement of molecules across membranes; Water potential and osmosis; 7 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation; The cell cycle; Mitosis; Meiosis; Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms; Tissues, organs and organ systems; The features and differentiation of stem cells.

Module 3 Exchange and transport8 Exchange surfaces; The need for specialised exchange surfaces; Efficient exchange surfaces; Ventilation and gaseous exchange in mammals; Ventilation and gaseous exchange in bony fish and insects; 9 Transport in animals; The need for transport systems in multicellular animals; Different types of circulatory systems; The structure and functions of blood vessels; Blood, tissue fluid and lymph; The mammalian heart; The role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide; 10 Transport in plants; The need for transport systems in multicellular plants.

The structure and function of the vascular systemThe process of transpiration; The transport of water; Adaptations of plants to the availability of water; The mechanism of translocation; Module 4 Biodiversity, evolution and disease; 11 Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system; Pathogens and their transmission; Primary and secondary immune responses; The structure and general functions of antibodies; Types of immunity; Autoimmune diseases; The principles of vaccination; Possible sources of medicines; Benefits and risks of antibiotics; 12 Biodiversity.

The levels of biodiversitySpecies richness and species evenness; Simpson's Index of Diversity; Genetic biodiversity; Maintaining biodiversity; 13 Classification and evolution; Biological classification; The binomial system; The features used to classify organisms; The relationship between classification and phylogeny; The evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection; Different types of variation; Adaptations of organisms to their environment; How natural selection can affect the characteristics of a population; The implications of evolution for humans; Now test yourself answers.

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